The Application Server handles the LoRaWAN® application layer, including uplink data decryption and decoding, downlink queuing and downlink data encoding and encryption. It hosts an MQTT server for streaming application data, supports HTTP webhooks as well as pub/sub integrations.

The Command-line Interface (CLI) provides a cross-platform interface for managing components through the command-line.

The Console is the management application of The Things Stack for LoRaWAN. It is a web application which can be used to register applications, end devices or gateways, monitor network traffic, or configure network related options, among other things. The Console uses an OAuth access token to communicate with The Things Stack.

The Device Claiming Server allows users to claim devices and gateways in a secure manner.

The Device Template Converter converts data to device templates for migrating networks and importing vendor-specific data.

The Gateway Configuration Server (GCS) generates configuration files for UDP gateways and manages gateway configuration and firmware updates for Basic Station and The Things Kickstarter gateways.

The Gateway Server maintains connections with gateways supporting the Basic Station, UDP, MQTT and gRPC protocols. It forwards uplink traffic to Network Servers directly or indirectly, and schedules downlink traffic on gateways.

The Identity Server provides the registries that store entities such as applications with their end devices, gateways, users, organizations, OAuth clients and authentication providers. It also manages access control through memberships and API keys.

The Join Server handles the LoRaWAN® join flow, including Network and Application Server authentication and session key generation.

The Network Operations Center provides aggregated insight in a network operated with The Things Stack. The Network Operations Center stores events from The Things Stack in a time series database, queries aggregated data and visualizes data in a dashboard driven by Grafana. The Network Operations Center is complementary to the Console: the Network Operations Center shows historic data (with a delay of at most 5 minutes), while the Console shows live information and allows for managing the network.

The Network Server handles the LoRaWAN® network layer, including MAC commands, regional parameters and adaptive data rate (ADR).

Packet Broker Agent connects The Things Stack with Packet Broker for exchanging traffic with other networks.

The Tenant Billing Server is an enterprise component that manages the creation, suspension and billing of tenants using different payment backends. It requires a license with multi-tenancy support.